TSUNA: Wane ne attenuators?

Sassaukan waɗanda yin tattara suna da alama wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gudanar da takaddunƙiya na signalar da ke tattara a cikin alama, ba tare da ƙawar da jikin na signalar ba. Ana amfani da su a cikin RF kuma a cikin alama na optik. Sassaukan na RF yana amfani da su a cikin sirkuit na elekturun, inda sassaukan optik ana amfani da su a cikin yankuna na farai. Haka ne ainihin uku na sassaukan RF: alama mai tsaye, kai tsaye, mai canzawa a waya, mai tsetsewa, dc bias kuma dc blocking.

Abubuwan da zafin sassaukan yana iya amfani da su sune: takaddunƙiya da aka ukura shi ne a cikin decibels (dB), teburin frekuwensi (MHz), takaddunƙiya na amfani (W), kuma takaddunƙiya (Ohms).

Dagaƙwarwiyan Kafin

A cire shidda su ne a tsakanin juzu'in resistive da ke ba da iya fito na yawa a matsayin certain rate. Huna da suke da wani tsari mai zuwa—tsarin "T", tsarin "L" da kuma tsarin "pi". Wadannan tsari masu amfani da suke da equations da kuma abubuwan resistor da zai iya amfani da su wajan samun tsangayar characteristic impedance (Z0) a kofar da yawa na frequencies, kuma a known su ne unbalanced attenuators masu tsari mai zuwa. Tsarin "H" shine version mai zuwa na "T" attenuator, kuma version mai zuwa na Pi attenuator shine "O" configuration.

Huna da suke da mahaƙa unbalanced attenuator: L, Tee, da Pi. Tsarin H da O su ne mahaƙan balanced na Tee da Pi wasu. Tsari mai zuwa shine juzu'in resistive mai zuwa wanda unbalanced su ne asymmetrical.

Anan farkan ɗaya suna saita daidai da ƙima ta hanyar resistive networks wanda ba za i canza ba. Ana yi amfani da su a cikin jiragen idanin don kawar da alama da ke fitowa. Za a i za su zama mai nisa, waveguide ko coaxial types. Tare da hanyar amfani, attenuator zai i za ta zama directional ko bidirectional. Alama zai i za ta tafi daga input zuwa output a cikin directional attenuator kuma za ta tafi biyu waya a cikin bidirectional attenuator. Don chip-based attenuator, resistance zai i za ta haifar da materials masu ƙima da aka ninka su a karkashin substrate mai tsura mai ƙima, kuma tare da takamaiman—thick film ko thin film—zai i za ta samar da ƙima ta resistance mai gama daya. A continuous variable attenuator resistance zai i za ta samar da saita da resistive rods da resistive discs; amma many are built using chips.

Step attenuator

Mafufkin tasho shine a tsankan mafufkin, amma shine wadannan abubuwa da suka biyu da ke da tsangayoyi masu iyakawa don samar da tasho daya. Ana iya zabbatar da darajar tasho ta hanyar takarda ta mafufki ko muryar mafufkin tasho. Mafufkin tasho, wasu cikin mafufkin tashon masu iya canzawa, kawai kama samar da darajar tasho ta hanyar tsangayoyi da aka tsara a priori. Misali, mafufkin tashon takarda zai iya rage daga 0 zuwa 45.5 dB kuma, ta hanyar sauyin takardun, zai iya karuwa ne ta kauye na 0.5 dB.

Mafufkin tashon masu iya canzawa

Ana iya saita attenuators na tsara da yawa ne a cewa za a samu sauten attenuation a cikin range da aka faɗa kuma a cikin sauti. A cikin attenuator na tsara da yawa mai aiki, networks na resistor a cikin attenuators na tsangaya kuma a cikin attenuators na tsara suna canzawa da abubuwan da ke tsakanin gwiwa kamar metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) ko kuma PIN diodes. Zai samu sauti na attenuation ta yaya da kyau ne a gefen voltage a cikin FET ko electric current a cikin diode, sai ba suka da attenuation na tsangaya. Za a iya samu sauti na attenuation ya tsara ko ya elektroniken ta yin amfani da motor don samu sauti.

Attenuator na amfani da shi

Abubuwan da ke ƙaddamar da attenuator, wanda a kuma aka fi sifitin digital step attenuator, shine abubuwa da za sua shi da voltage na waje. Wannan ƙarin na waje yana da jin computer. Ana kawu shi da transistor-transistor logic (TTL) inputs, kuma abin da ke tsakanin step yana da ma'ana 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, da 32. Attenuators da ke kawu da TTL suna da logic level na '0' idan voltage da aka saka shi cikin attenuator dama ba ta fi 1 V, kuma logic level na '1' idan voltage da aka saka shi ke 3 V ko ƙari. Wannan logic levels suna kawu da single-pole, double-throw (SPDT) switches wanda su na kirkira attenuators a cikin signal path wanda zai bace attenuation da ke so. A cikin nau'in programmable attenuators, akwai kuma USB controlled designs wanda suke sauki nisa mai attenuator zuwa computer. A kai kuma suka zaɓi su da software mai yiwu, don samun sauye na abubuwan.

Dc passing attenuator

Mai tsawon DC bias, wanda a known as mai tsawo na DC bias, ya pass DC kuma an tsawo shi ne a cikin nufin RF. A yayin gaba waɗanda suke da alhaja a kan input da output na attenuator wanda take dc an tsawo ita kuma ta rufe nufin RF ya pass - nufin dc ya ƙare attenuator ta hanyar baya daban don zuwa a output.

Mai tsawon DC blocking

Mai tsawon DC blocking suna da alaƙa da DC bias suna da alaƙa da nufin dc; farko shine DC an tsawo ita ba tare da dabba wanda ya zuwa a output na a cikin. Ana iya sauya DC block a cikin halayen center conductor, wanda a known as "inner dc block" - kuma ana iya sauya shi a cikin halayen outer conductor, wanda a known as "outer dc block." Hakanan har yau suke da mai tsawon DC blocking wanda ke da inner da kuma outer dc blocks.

Mai tsawon Waveguide

Zai haririwa ɗin ƙasa ta yin haririwa a cikin nisa na RF a cikin tsarin waveguide; amma a karkashin wadannan abubuwa zai haifar da shi ne ita ce ta nuna gida na resistive a tsakiya ta waveguide. A ƙaupe na waveguide attenuator na tsangaya zai iya amfani da madaidaici don canza wannan abin resistive daga gaban waveguide zuwa tsakiya; a wannan halin, abin resistive ya nuna yin canje kan haririwa ta tsangaya. Wani ƙaupe na waveguide tun zai ba da shagawa don nuna darajar lissafi, ta amfani da takarda, don samun darajar haririwa ta yiwu. Wannan ya sa ita ce ta tattara aikin ta yin haririwa ta madaidaici a cikin attenuator na waveguide na tsangaya kuma ya zama bukatar tabbatar da haririwa har yadda ya dawo zuwa darajar da ke so.

Matsalatin haririwa na foton

Mai kewa daga cikin yankan mai kewa ƙarin yankan cikin gaban yankan, don haka wannan abin da ke aiki ne kamar abin da ke ƙari ko kewa ƙarin. Sama da tsari na RF, akwai ƙarin nofinsa masu iyan guda biyu wanda kowanne ke nuna amfani. Mawaƙi mai kewa ta hanyar yankan sifofin yankan ko kewa ta hanyar yankan mai nuna yankan. Mawaƙi mai kewa ta hanyar yankan (Variable optical attenuators) suna canza wannan abin da ke canza kewa ta hanyar yankan da abin da ke iya amfani da alama, ana iya samar da kewa ta hanyar zane ko ta hanyar mutum don samar da kewa daga cikin gaba.